Oral microbiota and oral pathogens

The oral microbiota is a complex ecological community comprising hundreds of species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea that inhabit the human oral cavity (Dewhirst et al., 2010). These microorganisms typically exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host, forming structured biofilms on tooth surfaces and mucosal tissues that contribute to immune maturation and prevent the colonization of exogenous pathogens (Kilian et al., 2016). However, environmental changes or poor hygiene can lead to dysbiosis, where pathogenic species such as Streptococcus mutans (associated with dental caries) or Porphyromonas gingivalis (associated with periodontitis) become dominant. These pathogens employ various virulence factors to cause tissue destruction and chronic inflammation, which are increasingly linked to systemic diseases like cardiovascular disorders and diabetes (Hajishengallis, 2015). Therapeutic management involves the use of mechanical debridement and antimicrobial agents, such as chlorhexidine or antibiotics, to reduce the pathogen load and restore a healthy microbial balance.

Other names

Oral microbiomeOral floraDental plaque biofilmOral commensalsOral microbial community

Antimicrobial agents target various bacterial processes: beta-lactams (e.g., amoxicillin) inhibit cell wall synthesis; tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline) inhibit protein synthesis; nitroimidazoles (e.g., metronidazole) disrupt DNA. Fluoride inhibits bacterial glycolysis and promotes enamel remineralization (Kilian et al., 2016).