Oral pathogenic mixed-species biofilm

Oral pathogenic mixed-species biofilms are complex, highly organized microbial communities composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) [1][3]. These biofilms adhere to various oral surfaces, including tooth enamel, gingival tissues, and prosthetic implants, where they facilitate metabolic cooperation and provide a protective environment against host immune defenses and exogenous antimicrobial agents [2][4]. While the oral microbiome typically exists in a symbiotic state, environmental shifts can trigger dysbiosis, leading to the overgrowth of pathogenic species such as Streptococcus mutans or Porphyromonas gingivalis [1][4]. This transition is a primary driver of prevalent oral diseases, including dental caries and periodontitis, which can have systemic health implications [2]. Therapeutic interventions aim to manage these biofilms through mechanical disruption, chemical degradation of the EPS matrix, or the application of broad-spectrum and targeted antimicrobials [1][3]. Effective management requires balancing the reduction of pathogenic load with the preservation of the beneficial commensal microflora to maintain oral homeostasis [4].

Other names

Dental plaqueOral biofilmPolymicrobial oral biofilmSubgingival biofilmSupragingival biofilm

Disruption of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, inhibition of bacterial adhesion to oral surfaces, interference with quorum sensing signaling, and direct bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity against constituent pathogenic species.