Oxidative stress pathway components (OS pathway components)

Oxidative stress pathway components represent a diverse group of proteins and molecules responsible for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis by regulating the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defense [1.2.3, 1.2.4]. Key enzymatic components include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which scavenge ROS, while enzymes like NADPH oxidase (NOX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) generate ROS for signaling and host defense [1.5.2, 1.5.3]. The pathway is centrally regulated by the transcription factor Nrf2, which, upon dissociation from its repressor Keap1, translocates to the nucleus to activate the expression of numerous antioxidant and detoxification genes [1.2.1, 1.2.4]. Dysregulation of these components leads to oxidative stress, a state implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and aging-related decline [1.2.3, 1.5.4]. Pharmacological strategies include the use of Nrf2 activators like dimethyl fumarate, direct antioxidants, and inhibitors of ROS-generating enzymes to mitigate tissue damage [1.1.1, 1.2.2]. However, therapeutic targeting is complicated by the antioxidant paradox, where excessive ROS reduction can interfere with essential physiological signaling and potentially support the survival of malignant cells [1.2.4, 1.4.2].

Other names

Redox homeostasis componentsAntioxidant defense systemROS-generating and scavenging systemsCellular redox regulatory network

Activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway to induce endogenous antioxidant enzymes, direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of ROS-generating enzymes such as xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase, and replenishment of cellular thiol pools like glutathione.