Oxidative stress pathway proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS pathway)

Oxidative stress pathway proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) encompass a broad biological system rather than a single therapeutic target. This system includes reactive molecules like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, alongside a network of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase that maintain redox balance (StatPearls: NBK545155). The transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) serves as a master regulator of this pathway, inducing the expression of protective genes in response to oxidative challenge (UniProt: Q16236). Chronic oxidative stress is a hallmark of numerous diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and various cancers, where it promotes inflammation and cell damage (PMID: 30545678). Therapeutic strategies often focus on either neutralizing ROS directly or modulating the activity of specific pathway proteins to restore redox balance. Pharmacological intervention typically involves the use of Nrf2 activators like dimethyl fumarate to bolster endogenous defenses or direct antioxidants to neutralize ROS (PubChem: CID 637568). However, the dual role of ROS as both damaging agents and essential signaling molecules presents a significant challenge for drug development, as over-suppression can disrupt normal cellular functions.

Other names

Redox signaling pathwayAntioxidant defense systemReactive oxygen species signalingOxidative stress response

Activation of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, direct scavenging of free radicals, and inhibition of ROS-generating enzymes such as NADPH oxidase.