Paracrine signaling pathways involved in tissue repair and immunomodulation

Paracrine signaling pathways involved in tissue repair and immunomodulation are networks of soluble mediators—including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles—secreted primarily by stem cells (notably mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs), immune cells, and stromal cells. These mediators act on neighboring target cells to orchestrate localized immune responses, promote macrophage polarization (e.g., switching from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes), modulate T cell activation, drive production of anti-inflammatory/pro-regenerative factors such as IL-10, TGF-β, and PGE2, and stimulate essential steps of tissue repair including angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling[1][2][3][4][5][6]. While the paracrine effect is key for the therapeutic potential of transplanted MSCs and the tuning of immune responses, it describes a broad range of pathways rather than any single molecular target suitable for classic drug discovery.

Other names

Paracrine tissue repair signalsParacrine immunomodulatory pathwaysParacrine-mediated regeneration