Pattern-recognition receptors sensing adenoviral components (PRRs)

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) sensing adenoviral components are a diverse set of innate immune sensors that detect various structural and genetic elements of adenoviruses during infection or therapeutic delivery. These include membrane-bound receptors like Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which recognizes unmethylated CpG motifs in the viral DNA within endosomes, and TLR2, which senses capsid proteins (Source: NIH, ResearchGate). Upon viral entry into the cytoplasm, sensors such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) detect the double-stranded DNA genome, triggering the production of type I interferons and the activation of the inflammasome, respectively (Source: Frontiers in Immunology, NIH). Other sensors, such as NLRP3, respond to the cellular stress and membrane damage caused by the virus during endosomal escape. These receptors are critical targets in clinical medicine; their activation is utilized to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic viruses and vaccines to boost anti-tumor or anti-pathogen immunity. Conversely, their inhibition or evasion is a primary goal in gene therapy to prevent the rapid clearance of adenoviral vectors and minimize inflammatory side effects, such as cytokine release syndrome (Source: MDPI, NIH).

Other names

Adenovirus-sensing PRRsInnate immune sensors of adenovirusAdenoviral PAMP sensorsAdenovirus-sensing receptors

Agonism of Toll-like receptor 9 to enhance antiviral and anti-tumor immunity; activation of the cGAS-STING pathway to induce type I interferon production; inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome to reduce vector-induced inflammation.