Pattern recognition receptors sensing influenza virion components (PRRs (Influenza))

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sensing influenza virion components are a diverse group of innate immune sensors that detect specific viral motifs, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Key members include Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), which recognizes viral single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) within endosomes (Diebold et al., 2004, Science), and Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), which detects 5-prime-triphosphorylated RNA in the cytosol (Pichlmair et al., 2006, Science). Other sensors like TLR3 detect double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from infected cells, while the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by the influenza M2 ion channel and PB1-F2 protein (Ichinohe et al., 2010, Nature Immunology). Activation of these receptors triggers signaling cascades involving IRF3/7 and NF-kappaB, leading to the production of Type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Loo & Gale, 2011, Immunity). While these responses are vital for restricting viral replication, dysregulated or excessive PRR signaling is a primary driver of the "cytokine storm" associated with highly pathogenic influenza strains (Iwasaki & Pillai, 2014, Nature Reviews Immunology). Consequently, these receptors are targets for both antiviral adjuvants (agonists) and anti-inflammatory therapies (antagonists) to manage severe respiratory complications.

Other names

Innate immune sensors of influenzaInfluenza-sensing PRRsTLRs and RLRs in influenza infectionViral pattern recognition receptors

Agonism of endosomal or cytosolic sensors to stimulate innate antiviral immunity and interferon production; Antagonism of inflammasome or TLR signaling to mitigate immunopathology.