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Peptidylarginine deiminase type 3 (PAD3)
- Target
- PAD3
- Molecular classification
- Enzyme, Protein arginine deiminase family
01
Overview
Peptidylarginine deiminase type 3 (PAD3) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the post-translational conversion (deimination/citrullination) of arginine residues to citrulline in proteins, a critical process in the formation and mechanical strength of hair and skin. PAD3 is predominantly expressed in keratinocytes of the skin and hair follicles, and abnormal enzyme function is linked to hair shaft disorders and certain skin conditions. Recent research implicates PAD3 in cell growth modulation via apoptosis-inducing factors and in neurodegenerative responses, such as those following spinal cord injury. Experimental small molecules have been designed to selectively inhibit PAD3, but no approved drugs currently target this enzyme. PAD3 has also been detected in mammary gland tissue, with emerging evidence suggesting regulation by prolactin and potential involvement in cancer and lactation[1][2][3][4][5][7][8].
- Other names
- PADI3Protein-arginine deiminase type-3Peptidylarginine deiminase IIIPDI3
02
Mechanism of action
Inhibitors block the enzyme’s calcium-dependent deimination of arginine residues, thus preventing protein citrullination
03
Biological functions
Post-translational deimination (citrullination) of arginine residues in proteinsKeratin and hair follicle protein modificationSkin and hair shaft formationModulation of cell growth (via apoptosis-inducing factor)
04
Disease associations
Hair disorders (e.g., uncombable hair syndrome)Skin abnormalitiesNeurodegenerative response following spinal cord injuryPotential role in cancer (expression noted in mammary gland; research ongoing)
05
Safety considerations
No major safety/toxicity data reported in clinical setting. The enzyme’s role is largely studied in basic research or model systems; broad inhibition could theoretically disrupt hair/skin formation and neural function
06
Interacting drugs
PAD3-selective inhibitors (experimental small molecules)
07
Biomarkers
PAD3 or citrullinated proteins in hair or skin tissue (emerging research; not established clinical biomarker)
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