Periodontal and cariogenic bacteria

Periodontal and cariogenic bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavity and are the primary etiological agents of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Cariogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, thrive in acidic environments and ferment dietary sugars into lactic acid, leading to the demineralization of tooth enamel [1]. In contrast, periodontal bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola, are typically anaerobic and reside in subgingival biofilms where they trigger inflammatory responses that destroy the gingiva and alveolar bone [2]. These organisms exist within complex, structured communities known as biofilms, which provide significant resistance against host immune defenses and conventional antimicrobial treatments [3]. Management of these pathogens involves a combination of mechanical debridement, topical antiseptics like chlorhexidine, and systemic or local antibiotics such as metronidazole or doxycycline [4]. Furthermore, chronic oral infections caused by these bacteria have been linked to systemic health issues, including cardiovascular disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes, emphasizing the importance of their control [5].

Other names

Oral pathogensDental plaque bacteriaOdontopathogenic bacteriaPeriodontopathogensCariogenic microorganisms

Antimicrobial agents target these bacteria through various mechanisms, including the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis (e.g., penicillins), disruption of protein synthesis (e.g., tetracyclines), interference with DNA replication (e.g., metronidazole), and the inhibition of bacterial glycolysis and enamel demineralization (e.g., fluoride) [4].