Personalized cancer neoantigen (Neoantigen)

Personalized cancer neoantigens are unique proteins derived from non-synonymous somatic mutations, such as single nucleotide variants or frameshifts, that occur exclusively within a patient's tumor cells (Nature, 2017, 547:222-226). Because these antigens are not expressed in healthy tissues, they are not subject to central immune tolerance, making them highly potent targets for immunotherapy with a low risk of autoimmune toxicity (NCI, 2023). These neoepitopes are processed and presented on the cell surface by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules, where they can be recognized by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells (Science, 2015, 348:1245-1249). Therapeutic strategies targeting these antigens include personalized mRNA, DNA, or peptide vaccines, as well as adoptive T-cell therapies using TCR-engineered cells (Frontiers in Immunology, 2020, 11:568005). By identifying these mutations through genomic sequencing and bioinformatics, clinicians can develop custom treatments that stimulate a robust, tumor-specific immune response. This approach is particularly effective in tumors with high mutational burdens, though it faces challenges regarding manufacturing speed and tumor heterogeneity (Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 2019, 12:93).

Other names

Tumor-specific antigen (TSA)NeoepitopeSomatic mutation-derived antigenPatient-specific neoantigen

Induction of tumor-specific T-cell responses through the presentation of patient-specific mutated peptides on MHC molecules, leading to targeted destruction of malignant cells (Nature Reviews Cancer, 2021, 21:283-300).