Physiological metabolic and antioxidant systems

Physiological metabolic and antioxidant systems represent the integrated network of biochemical pathways and molecules responsible for maintaining cellular energy balance and protecting against oxidative damage. These systems comprise enzymatic defenses, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and the glutathione system, alongside non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamins C and E (Sies, 2015, Redox Biol). They are essential for neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during mitochondrial respiration and in response to external stressors (Halliwell & Gutteridge, 2015, Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine). Chronic imbalance in these systems, known as oxidative stress, is a hallmark of various diseases, including diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disorders (NIH, 2023, Antioxidants: In Depth). Therapeutic strategies often involve the use of antioxidants or metabolic modulators to restore homeostasis, though precise targeting is required to avoid interfering with necessary physiological ROS signaling (He et al., 2017, Front Physiol). Consequently, this term refers to a broad physiological framework rather than a single druggable protein or receptor, making it an incorrect designation for a specific therapeutic target.

Other names

Antioxidant defense systemRedox homeostasis systemCellular metabolic networkEndogenous antioxidant system

Modulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway, direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and regulation of metabolic flux to maintain cellular redox balance.