Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are long-chain hydrocarbon molecules containing two or more double bonds in their structure. The most biologically significant subclasses include omega‑3 (n‑3) and omega‑6 (n‑6) families. These double bonds introduce kinks into the molecule—especially when present in the cis configuration—resulting in increased membrane fluidity compared with saturated fats. PUFAs play essential roles as structural components of cell membranes, precursors for bioactive lipids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, regulators of inflammation and immunity, modulators of cardiovascular health by reducing triglycerides and inhibiting platelet aggregation, among other functions. While they have important physiological benefits when consumed at appropriate ratios through diet or supplements like fish oil/icosapent ethyl, excessive intake can pose safety risks such as increased bleeding tendency due to their antiplatelet properties.

Other names

PUFAsOmega-3 fatty acid (a subclass)Omega-6 fatty acid (a subclass)n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidn-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid

For drugs like icosapent ethyl: Supplementation increases plasma levels of EPA, which can reduce triglyceride synthesis, inhibit platelet aggregation, decrease inflammation by altering eicosanoid production from arachidonic acid to less inflammatory forms derived from EPA/DHA. PUFAs act as: Substrates for cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase pathways to generate bioactive lipid mediators. Structural modulators in membranes affecting protein function.