Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (COX)

Prostaglandin biosynthesis refers to the enzymatic process by which arachidonic acid is converted into various bioactive lipid mediators called prostaglandins. This process begins with the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids via phospholipase A₂. The key rate-limiting step is catalyzed by cyclooxygenases—prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases—which convert arachidonic acid into unstable intermediates PGG₂ then PGH₂. Various terminal synthetic enzymes then generate distinct classes of biologically active prostaglandins including PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF₂α, PGI₂ (prostacyclin), and thromboxanes. These molecules regulate diverse physiological processes including inflammation, pain perception, vascular homeostasis, platelet function, gastrointestinal protection, renal function—and play roles in pathologies ranging from acute inflammation to chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

Other names

CyclooxygenaseProstaglandin G/H synthaseProstaglandin-endoperoxide synthetaseCOX-1 / PTGS1COX-2 / PTGS2

Drugs targeting this pathway typically act by: - Inhibiting cyclooxygenases to block conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins/thromboxanes. - Reducing synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators.