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Pulmonary Alveoli

Molecular classification: Tissue Structure, Epithelium

Overview

Pulmonary alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. They are lined by Type I and Type II pneumocytes, with Type II cells producing surfactant to prevent collapse. They are the functional unit for oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal and are susceptible to damage in various respiratory diseases.

Other names: AlveoliAir sacsAlveolar sacs

Biological functions

Gas exchange (oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide removal)Surfactant production (Type II pneumocytes)Immune defense (cytokine, growth factor, antimicrobial peptide production by Type II pneumocytes)Regeneration of alveolar lining (Type II pneumocytes)

Disease associations

Emphysema (alveolar destruction)Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection of Type II pneumocytes)Respiratory failure

Safety considerations

Susceptibility to damage from smoking, pollution, and infectionRisk of alveolar collapse due to surfactant deficiencyImpaired gas exchange in diseased alveoli

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