Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and redox systems (RONS/Redox)

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and redox systems comprise a broad array of reactive molecules and the integrated enzymatic networks that maintain cellular redox homeostasis [Sies et al., 2017, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology]. RONS, including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, are generated through metabolic processes or by specific enzymes like NADPH oxidases (NOX) and nitric oxide synthases (NOS) [Holmström & Finkel, 2014, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology]. These species function as vital secondary messengers in physiological signaling pathways, regulating cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses [Di Meo et al., 2016, International Journal of Molecular Sciences]. However, an imbalance known as oxidative or nitrosative stress occurs when RONS production exceeds the capacity of antioxidant defenses, leading to damage of DNA, proteins, and lipids [Forman & Zhang, 2021, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery]. This imbalance is a key driver in the progression of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease [Murphy et al., 2022, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery]. Pharmacological strategies targeting these systems involve direct scavenging of radicals, inhibition of RONS-producing enzymes, or the activation of endogenous antioxidant pathways, such as the Nrf2/ARE system [Kansanen et al., 2013, Redox Biology]. Despite their therapeutic potential, the clinical application of redox-modulating drugs is complicated by the need for precise targeting to avoid disrupting essential physiological redox signaling [Murphy et al., 2022, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery].

Other names

ROS/RNSOxidative stressRedox signalingPro-oxidants and antioxidants

Free radical scavenging, inhibition of ROS-generating enzymes (e.g., NOX, xanthine oxidase), and activation of antioxidant transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2).