Reactive oxygen species-generating pathways (ROS pathways)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating pathways encompass a broad range of enzymatic and metabolic processes that produce reactive oxygen molecules, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Major biological sources include the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes, xanthine oxidase, and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, where ROS are produced as signaling molecules or metabolic byproducts (Bedard K, et al., Physiol Rev, 2007; Murphy MP, Biochem J, 2009). In healthy cells, these pathways are tightly regulated and play vital roles in redox signaling, cell differentiation, and the destruction of pathogens by the immune system (Lambeth JD, Nat Rev Immunol, 2004). However, the dysregulation or overactivation of these pathways leads to oxidative stress, which causes damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins, contributing to the progression of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration (Sies H, et al., Annu Rev Biochem, 2017). Therapeutic strategies often target specific components of these pathways, such as NOX inhibitors or xanthine oxidase inhibitors, to reduce pathological ROS levels. A significant challenge in targeting these pathways is maintaining the delicate balance of redox homeostasis, as complete suppression of ROS can impair essential physiological functions and immune responses (Bedard K, et al., Physiol Rev, 2007).

Other names

Pro-oxidant pathwaysROS production systemsOxidative stress pathwaysReactive oxygen species generation

Inhibition of specific enzymatic sources of ROS, such as NADPH oxidases (NOX) or xanthine oxidase, and modulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes to decrease superoxide production.