Redox and antioxidant pathways

Redox and antioxidant pathways represent a sophisticated network of molecular mechanisms designed to maintain cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) balance. These pathways manage the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are essential for normal signaling but toxic at high concentrations (PubMed: 25911332). Central to this system is the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling axis, which coordinates the expression of numerous antioxidant and detoxification genes in response to oxidative stress (PubMed: 24791965). Key enzymatic components include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and the glutathione peroxidase system, while non-enzymatic antioxidants like glutathione and vitamins C and E provide direct scavenging capabilities (StatPearls: NBK537161). Chronic imbalance, or oxidative stress, is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer (PubMed: 23626518). Therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways aim to either bolster endogenous defenses through Nrf2 activators or directly neutralize ROS to prevent cellular damage and inflammation.

Other names

Oxidative stress responseRedox signalingAntioxidant defense systemROS/RNS metabolic pathways

Modulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2 activation), direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and replenishment of endogenous antioxidant pools such as glutathione (PubMed: 24791965).