Regulatory T-cell (Treg)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subpopulation of T lymphocytes that play a critical role in modulating the immune system. They maintain tolerance to self-antigens, prevent autoimmune disease, and suppress excessive or misdirected immune responses.

Other names

Suppressor T cellCD4+CD25+ T cellFOXP3+ T cell

Tregs employ several mechanisms to exert their immunosuppressive effects: 1. Inhibitory Cytokines: Secretion of cytokines such as IL‑10, TGF‑β which dampen effector cell activity. 2. Cytolysis: Direct killing of target cells via granzyme/perforin pathways. 3. Metabolic Disruption: High-affinity consumption of IL‑2 deprives other lymphocytes; expression of enzymes like CD39/CD73 generates adenosine which inhibits effector functions through A2A receptors. 4. Modulation of Antigen-Presenting Cells: Alter dendritic cell maturation/function via CTLA‑4-mediated interactions.