Renalase (RNLS)

Renalase is a secreted flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent amine oxidase primarily expressed in the kidney, where it enters the bloodstream and acts as both an enzyme and a signaling molecule[1][2][3]. Initially described for degrading catecholamines (like dopamine and epinephrine) and modulating blood pressure and cardiac function, later research clarified its main enzymatic activity as the oxidation of isomeric forms of NAD(P)H (not catecholamines), thereby regulating key metabolic pathways[1][3]. Extracellularly, renalase acts as a survival and anti-apoptosis factor via activation of the PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways, with its receptor identified as the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase PMCA4b[1][3]. Reduced renalase levels are linked to increased cardiovascular and kidney disease risk, and gene polymorphisms are associated with hypertension and diabetes[1][2][3]. Recombinant renalase protein shows protective effects in animal models of acute kidney and cardiac injury, but its cytoprotective functions may also support tumor growth in cancer settings, presenting a therapeutic challenge[3].

Other names

FAD-dependent amine oxidaseC10orf59FLJ11218

Oxidation of 2- and 6-dihydroNAD(P) to relieve metabolic enzyme inhibition[1][3]; Cytoprotective signaling via binding and activation of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase PMCA4b, engaging PI3K and MAPK pathways[1][3]