Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 1 (RARRES1)

RARRES1 (Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 1) is a transmembrane protein induced by retinoic acid and tazarotene, with homology to the carboxypeptidase inhibitor latexin[2][4][8][9]. It regulates critical cellular processes such as tumor suppression, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolic reprogramming (fatty acid metabolism), stem cell differentiation, and cytoskeletal dynamics[2][4][6][7][8][9]. RARRES1 is frequently silenced or downregulated by promoter methylation in several cancers, and its expression correlates with less aggressive phenotypes. Acting primarily as a tumor suppressor, RARRES1 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion across various epithelial cancers while also influencing metabolism and organ fibrosis. Its expression pattern and methylation status are useful as biomarkers for prognosis and patient selection. Modulation of RARRES1 activity is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach in malignancies and metabolic diseases, but no approved drugs directly target RARRES1 as yet[1][2][5][6][7][8][9].

Other names

Tazarotene-induced gene 1 proteinTIG1PEIG1PERG-1LXNL (Latexin-like)Phorbol ester-induced gene 1 proteinRAR-responsive protein TIG1

Upregulation by retinoids and vitamin D: increases RARRES1 protein, influencing downstream effects. Inhibition of carboxypeptidases (esp. AGBL2): alters tubulin tyrosination and microtubule dynamics, affecting cell behavior. Reprogramming cellular metabolism: regulates glycolysis, lipogenesis, autophagy, affecting tumor cell adaptation and proliferation. Suppression of cell cycle progression, partly via Fbxw7/cyclin E1 axis and PLK2 inhibition. Modulation of apoptosis and autophagy via mTOR and SIRT1.