S-nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR)

S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), also known as alcohol dehydrogenase class III or ADH5 in humans, is a highly conserved enzyme that plays a central role in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) signaling by metabolizing S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a major endogenous reservoir and carrier of NO bioactivity. GSNOR catalyzes the irreversible reduction of GSNO to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and ammonia or hydroxylamine derivatives, thereby controlling intracellular levels of GSNO and indirectly regulating protein S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs). By modulating GSNO concentrations, GSNOR influences protein S-nitrosylation—a reversible post-translational modification where an NO group attaches to cysteine residues on proteins. This process affects diverse cellular functions such as metabolism, signal transduction, stress responses, immune function, smooth muscle relaxation, inflammation control, neuronal development, and cancer progression.

Other names

Alcohol dehydrogenase class IIIADH5

Inhibition of GSNOR leading to increased GSNO levels and altered protein S-nitrosylation.