Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the complex, stepwise developmental process by which diploid germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis undergo mitosis and meiosis, ultimately differentiating into haploid, motile spermatozoa. It involves mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia, meiotic divisions by spermatocytes, and final morphological differentiation (spermiogenesis) into sperm cells. The process is hormonally regulated, dependent on Sertoli and Leydig cell functions, and sensitive to endocrine, nutritional, and environmental factors. Proper spermatogenesis is critical for male fertility, and defects can result in reduced sperm count, abnormal sperm function, or infertility.