Squalene-based Oil-in-Water Emulsion Adjuvant (MF59) (MF59)

MF59 is a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant used to enhance the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines, particularly influenza vaccines. It stimulates both innate and adaptive immune responses through various mechanisms including cytokine/chemokine release, immune cell recruitment, antigen retention, and dendritic cell maturation. It is considered safe and well-tolerated, with extensive use in human vaccines.

Other names

Squalene adjuvantOil-in-water emulsion adjuvant

MF59 enhances immune responses by inducing chemokine and cytokine release, promoting recruitment of immune cells, facilitating antigen retention and presentation, and stimulating dendritic cell maturation. It also triggers cell death pathways (necroptosis and apoptosis) in lymph nodes, leading to enhanced antigen cross-presentation and CD8 T cell responses.