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Superoxide (O₂⁻)
- Target
- O₂⁻
- Molecular classification
- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Free Radical, Inorganic Anion
01
Overview
Superoxide is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed by the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. It is a free radical that can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues by inactivating iron-sulfur cluster-containing enzymes, releasing free iron, and initiating lipid peroxidation. Superoxide contributes significantly to oxidative stress and is implicated in various diseases. It is detoxified by superoxide dismutase (SOD), which converts it to hydrogen peroxide.
- Other names
- Superoxide anionDioxidanidylHyperoxidDioxide(1−)
02
Mechanism of action
Superoxide itself is not directly targeted by drugs, but its effects are modulated. SOD mimetics catalyze the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals, including those derived from superoxide.
03
Biological functions
Metabolic intermediateOxidantCell signaling (redox)Initiation of lipid peroxidation
04
Disease associations
Oxidative stressInflammationNeurodegenerative diseasesCardiovascular diseasesCancerAging
05
Safety considerations
Excessive reduction of superoxide levels could disrupt redox signaling.SOD mimetics might have off-target effects.
06
Interacting drugs
SOD mimetics (e.g., MnTBAP)
1 more in the full profile.
07
Biomarkers
Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD)Markers of oxidative stress (e.g., lipid peroxidation products)Levels of superoxide itself (difficult to measure directly in vivo)
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