Thymosin Alpha 1 (Tα1)

Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring 28-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the thymus gland. It plays a crucial role in modulating, enhancing, and restoring immune function. Tα1 acts as an agonist on several Toll-like receptors (TLRs), stimulating both innate and adaptive immunity. It increases the production of cytokines and promotes the maturation/activation of various immune cells. Tα1 has demonstrated efficacy or potential benefit in viral infections, cancer, immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and as a vaccine adjuvant. Synthetic analogues like thymalfasin are available clinically and are generally well-tolerated.

Other names

Thymalfasin

Agonist of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), including TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9. Induces cytokine production (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-α/γ) and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1β). Promotes maturation/activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes; enhances natural killer cell activity; supports B cell differentiation; prevents apoptosis in various immune cells.