Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1)

Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family, which are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) central to the innate immune system. TLR1 primarily recognizes bacterial lipoproteins and glycolipids, typically in complex with TLR2. It is a cell surface receptor expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Upon ligand binding and dimerization with TLR2, the intracellular TIR domains recruit adaptor proteins, primarily MyD88, to initiate downstream signaling cascades leading to activation of transcription factors such as NF-kB or AP-1. This results in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators that coordinate innate immunity responses against pathogens.

TLR1 agonists stimulate the receptor, leading to activation of NF-kB and AP-1, resulting in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators.