Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) (TLR4/TLR2)

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), specifically Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), are the primary molecular targets engaged by the LiteVax Adjuvant (LVA). LVA is an oil-in-water emulsion containing carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate esters (CMS) that act as potent agonists for these receptors on innate immune cells such as dendritic cells and monocytes. Upon engagement, these PRRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily through the MyD88 adapter protein, resulting in the maturation of antigen-presenting cells and the secretion of Th1- and Th17-polarizing cytokines. This activation bridges the innate and adaptive immune systems, significantly enhancing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines against pathogens like influenza and SARS-CoV-2. While highly effective at boosting immune responses, therapeutic targeting of these PRRs requires careful management of potential safety concerns such as systemic inflammation or excessive reactogenicity.

Other names

Toll-like receptor 4Toll-like receptor 2TLR4TLR2CD284CD282Pattern recognition receptorsPRRs

Agonism of TLR4 and TLR2 receptors on innate immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells) to trigger MyD88-dependent signaling pathways, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced adaptive immunity.