Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway (TLR4 pathway)

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key component of the innate immune response, recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Upon activation, TLR4 initiates signaling pathways that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, playing a crucial role in fighting infections but also contributing to inflammation-related diseases. The TLR4 pathway involves the MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent signaling cascades, which activate transcription factors like NF-κB and IRFs, leading to the expression of genes involved in inflammation and immune response[1][2][3].

Other names

TLR4 signaling pathwayProinflammatory cytokine signaling via TLR4

Activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways leading to pro-inflammatory cytokine production