Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 7, and 8 (TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8)

Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 7, and 8 are single-pass transmembrane proteins expressed predominantly in immune cells. Each receptor detects different pathogen-associated molecular patterns: TLR2 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins; TLR3 recognizes double-stranded viral RNA; TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded viral RNA. Upon ligand binding, they initiate signal transduction through adaptor proteins (MyD88, TRIF), activating NF-κB and IRFs to produce inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons, thereby orchestrating the immune response. Their dysregulation is associated with infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, making them important targets for drug development and disease modulation.

Other names

CD282Toll-like receptor familyTLRs

Agonism (immune stimulation by triggering receptors); Antagonism/inhibition (immune suppression or reduction of excess inflammation); Downstream signaling via MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways, leading to NF-κB and interferon production