Tooth surfaces and dental plaque matrix

The tooth surface and dental plaque matrix constitute a complex biological and physical target essential for maintaining oral health [NIH/NIDCR]. The tooth surface is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite, a crystalline calcium phosphate that is susceptible to acid-driven demineralization [StatPearls]. Dental plaque is a sophisticated biofilm where bacteria are embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), including polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA [PMC4395663]. This matrix acts as a protective barrier against host immune responses and limits the penetration of antimicrobial agents [PMC4395663]. Therapeutic interventions often target the mineral phase of the tooth to enhance acid resistance or the biofilm matrix to reduce microbial pathogenicity [PubMed]. For example, fluoride treatments facilitate the remineralization of enamel by forming fluorapatite, which has a lower solubility in acidic environments [StatPearls]. Antimicrobial agents like chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride target the plaque by binding to negatively charged components of the matrix and bacterial cell walls [PubChem]. Disruption of this target is critical in preventing and treating prevalent oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis [NIH/NIDCR].

Other names

Dental biofilmDental plaqueTooth enamelExtracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of dental plaqueAcquired pellicle

Remineralization of enamel through fluorapatite formation, inhibition of bacterial enzymes (e.g., enolase), disruption of biofilm architecture by targeting extracellular polymeric substances, and bactericidal action via membrane disruption [StatPearls, PMC4395663, PubChem].