Tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens (TAA/Neoantigen)

Tumor antigens and neoantigens are molecular markers expressed by cancer cells that serve as the primary targets for the immune system during an anti-tumor response. Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are typically proteins overexpressed in malignant cells, while neoantigens are unique, mutation-derived peptides that offer high specificity for the tumor (Schumacher & Schreiber, 2015). The NE01 intranasal cancer vaccine platform utilizes a proprietary oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE01) as an adjuvant to deliver these antigens via the nasal mucosa (BlueWillow Biologics, 2024). This delivery method is designed to stimulate both mucosal and systemic immunity, specifically activating Th1 and Th17 pathways and inducing potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses (Ali et al., 2019). By targeting these antigens, the vaccine aims to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and provide a highly specific therapeutic effect, particularly when tailored to a patient's individual neoantigen profile. The use of the NE01 adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of these antigens, which might otherwise be poorly recognized by the immune system.

Other names

Tumor-specific antigensTSANeoepitopesCancer-testis antigensOncofetal antigensTumor antigens

Antigens are delivered via a nanoemulsion adjuvant to the nasal mucosa, where they are processed by antigen-presenting cells and presented on MHC molecules to prime a specific T-cell mediated immune response against tumor cells.