Tumor cell membranes and subcellular organelles

Tumor cell membranes and subcellular organelles represent a broad category of structural targets rather than a single molecular entity (Shao et al., 2018, J. Hematol. Oncol.). The plasma membrane of a tumor cell often exhibits unique lipid compositions and overexpressed surface proteins, making it a primary site for targeted drug delivery and membrane-disrupting agents (Vader et al., 2016, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.). Subcellular organelles, including the mitochondria, nucleus, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum, play vital roles in maintaining cancer cell metabolism, genetic stability, and survival. For instance, mitochondria are frequently targeted to trigger apoptosis through the release of cytochrome c, while the nucleus is the site of action for many DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics (Modica-Napolitano & Aprille, 2001, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.). Modern nanomedicine often designs carriers to bypass the plasma membrane and release payloads directly into these specific organelles to overcome drug resistance. However, because these structures are fundamental to all eukaryotic cells, achieving high selectivity for tumor-specific membranes and organelles remains a significant therapeutic challenge.

Other names

Cancer cell membranesIntracellular organellesTumor cell compartmentsSubcellular compartments

Disruption of membrane integrity, induction of organelle-specific oxidative stress, and inhibition of organelle-localized metabolic and signaling pathways (Shao et al., 2018, J. Hematol. Oncol.).