Urinary calculi formation

Urinary calculi formation refers to the aggregation of crystals—commonly calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, cystine, and struvite—that supersaturate in urine and aggregate to form solid stones within the renal parenchyma, urinary collecting system, or anywhere along the urinary tract[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. This process can result from genetic, metabolic, dietary, or environmental factors and is the leading cause of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis). Pathophysiology involves crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation within a supersaturated urinary environment, which can be influenced by abnormalities in urine composition, pH, volume, or inhibitors of crystallization. Urinary calculi can cause pain, hematuria, infection, and urinary tract obstruction[1][2][3][4][6][7].

Other names

Urinary stone formationUrolithiasisNephrolithiasisKidney stone formationRenal stone formation