Viral and microbial nucleic acids

Viral and microbial nucleic acids, encompassing both DNA and RNA, are fundamental molecules that carry the genetic blueprint of pathogens and act as potent triggers for the host's innate immune system [1]. In the context of infection, these molecules are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by specialized host sensors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) [1, 5]. This recognition initiates signaling cascades that lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, establishing an antiviral or antibacterial state [1]. Beyond their role in immune signaling, microbial nucleic acids are direct targets for various therapeutic interventions [2]. For instance, many antibiotics exert their effects by binding to bacterial ribosomal RNA to inhibit protein synthesis, while antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference (RNAi) therapies are designed to bind and degrade specific viral RNA sequences [3, 4]. Additionally, synthetic analogs of these nucleic acids are utilized as vaccine adjuvants and cancer immunotherapies to stimulate a robust immune response against pathogens or tumors [5].

Other names

Pathogen-associated molecular patternsPAMPsViral RNAViral DNABacterial DNABacterial RNAMicrobial genomesPathogen nucleic acids

Inhibition of protein synthesis through binding to ribosomal RNA; inhibition of DNA/RNA replication by binding to templates or forming complexes with polymerases; degradation of specific RNA sequences via antisense mechanisms; and activation of innate immune receptors (PRRs) as ligands.