Viral RNA-sensing pattern recognition receptors (RNA-sensing PRRs)

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sensing viral RNA are a specialized group of innate immune sensors that detect viral genetic material to initiate a protective immune response. This group includes endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8) and cytosolic RIG-I-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA5), which recognize various forms of viral RNA such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). Upon activation, these receptors trigger signaling pathways—primarily through the adapters TRIF, MyD88, or MAVS—leading to the induction of type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These molecules are crucial for inhibiting viral replication and activating adaptive immunity. Therapeutically, agonists of these receptors are utilized as vaccine adjuvants and in the treatment of viral infections and malignancies to boost the immune response. Conversely, inhibitors are being investigated for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, where inappropriate activation by endogenous RNA contributes to disease pathology.

Other names

Viral RNA sensorsRNA-sensing PRRsCytosolic and endosomal RNA sensorsInnate immune RNA receptors

Agonism of innate immune signaling pathways to induce antiviral and antitumor responses, and antagonism of endosomal or cytosolic RNA sensing to suppress autoimmune inflammation.