anakinra + ruxolitinib

A combination therapy consisting of anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and ruxolitinib, a selective JAK1/2 inhibitor. This combination targets complementary inflammatory pathways - anakinra blocks IL-1 signaling while ruxolitinib inhibits JAK-STAT signaling activated by multiple cytokines including IFN-α/β/γ and IL-6. The combination has been used as salvage therapy for severe inflammatory conditions refractory to standard treatments, including macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure with multisystem organ failure.