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New Baitouweng Decoction (NBD) is a modified Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulation based on the classic Baitouweng decoction from the 'Shanghan Theory'. It is specifically developed for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and consists of 13 herbal components, including *Pulsatilla chinensis*, *Phellodendron chinense*, and *Coptis chinensis*. NBD exerts its therapeutic effects by modulating the gut microbiota-bile acid axis; specifically, it increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as *Lactobacillus* and *Akkermansia*, which elevates levels of secondary bile acids like lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA). These metabolites activate the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), leading to the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby reducing intestinal inflammation and repairing the mucosal barrier.
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