protoporphyrin IX-loaded PESDA microbubbles

Protoporphyrin IX-loaded PESDA microbubbles are an investigational ultrasound-responsive formulation in which the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX is loaded into PESDA microbubbles composed of perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin. The formulation has been evaluated in animal models of atherosclerosis, neointimal hyperplasia, and restenosis together with low-level focused ultrasound or shock-wave exposure. Ultrasound-induced microbubble cavitation and sonoporation are intended to enhance local delivery and activation of protoporphyrin IX, generating oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects that reduce macrophage-derived foam cells and vascular smooth-muscle-cell hyperplasia. It is an experimental preclinical formulation and is not an approved medicinal product.