Immune system cytokine pathways

Immune system cytokine pathways encompass the intricate signaling networks through which cytokines—small proteins such as interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors—mediate communication between cells of the immune system. These pathways are initiated when a cytokine binds to its specific cell-surface receptor, triggering intracellular cascades like the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) or the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways [1][2]. These signals regulate essential biological processes, including hematopoiesis, inflammation, and the orchestration of innate and adaptive immune responses [3]. Dysregulation, characterized by either excessive or deficient cytokine production, is central to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cytokine storms seen in severe infections [4]. Consequently, these pathways are major therapeutic targets; drugs such as monoclonal antibodies (e.g., adalimumab) and small molecule inhibitors (e.g., baricitinib) are used to modulate specific nodes within these networks to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis [5]. However, because these pathways are vital for host defense, their therapeutic modulation often necessitates a balance between efficacy and the risk of serious infections or malignancy [6].

Other names

Cytokine signaling pathwaysCytokine-mediated signalingImmune signaling cascades

Drugs targeting these pathways typically act by neutralizing specific cytokines (monoclonal antibodies), blocking cytokine receptors (antagonists), or inhibiting intracellular signaling enzymes such as Janus kinases (small molecule inhibitors) [5][6].