Cytokines and neurotrophic factors

Cytokines and neurotrophic factors are broad classes of signaling proteins that regulate a wide array of physiological processes. Cytokines, which include interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors, are critical mediators of the immune system, orchestrating inflammatory responses and hematopoietic processes (Zhang & An, 2007, PMID: 17893504). Neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are essential for the survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems (Huang & Reichardt, 2001, PMID: 11283310). Dysregulation of these factors is linked to numerous pathologies, including autoimmune diseases, chronic pain, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic strategies often involve monoclonal antibodies to neutralize pro-inflammatory cytokines or the administration of recombinant factors to support neuronal health. Due to their pleiotropic effects, targeting these pathways requires high specificity to avoid significant safety concerns such as systemic immunosuppression or off-target neurological effects.

Other names

Signaling proteinsGrowth factorsImmunomodulatorsNeurotrophinsCiliary neurotrophic factors

Drugs targeting these factors typically act by neutralizing the ligand with monoclonal antibodies, blocking their respective receptors (antagonism), or modulating downstream signaling pathways (e.g., JAK/STAT inhibition) to either suppress pathological inflammation or promote neuronal survival.